The Influence of port concession schemes on the performance of port business entities in Indonesia: A systematic literature review
Politeknik Pelayaran Banten
Politeknik Pelayaran Banten
Politeknik Pelayaran Banten
Politeknik Pelayaran Banten
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62391/ejmi.v8i1.228Port concession schemes have emerged as a primary policy instrument for the Indonesian government to accelerate infrastructure development, enhance operational efficiency, and stimulate private sector participation in the maritime sector. Following the enactment of Shipping Law No. 17 of 2008, Indonesia's port governance transitioned from a service port to a landlord port model, wherein Port Authorities act as regulators while Port Business Entities (Badan Usaha Pelabuhan/BUP) operate facilities via concession agreements. Despite the widespread adoption of these arrangements, their actual impact on port performance, investment realization, and service quality remains contested. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to evaluate the influence of concession schemes on BUP performance in Indonesia. Drawing on scientific journals, regulatory documents, and international publications, the analysis reveals that concessions generally foster infrastructure modernization, operational efficiency, and service competitiveness. However, significant hurdles persist, including regulatory ambiguities, disputes over concession durations, asset transfer complexities, tariff determinations, and institutional friction. Ultimately, the findings indicate that the success of port concessions extends beyond contractual terms, demanding robust governance, regulatory consistency, and performance-based monitoring. This paper concludes with strategic recommendations to refine concession policies, thereby securing the long-term competitiveness and sustainability of Indonesian ports.
Skema konsesi pelabuhan kini menjadi salah satu kebijakan andalan pemerintah Indonesia untuk mempercepat pembangunan infrastruktur, meningkatkan efisiensi operasional, dan menarik keterlibatan sektor swasta di industri maritim. Sejak disahkannya UU Pelayaran No. 17 Tahun 2008, sistem tata kelola pelabuhan kita beralih dari model service port ke landlord port. Dalam sistem ini, Otoritas Pelabuhan berperan sebagai regulator, sedangkan fasilitasnya dioperasikan oleh Badan Usaha Pelabuhan (BUP) lewat perjanjian konsesi. Meski skema ini sudah banyak diterapkan, efektivitasnya terhadap peningkatan kinerja pelabuhan, masuknya investasi, dan kualitas layanan masih sering diperdebatkan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) untuk melihat sejauh mana pengaruh skema konsesi tersebut terhadap kinerja BUP di Indonesia. Berdasarkan telaah terhadap berbagai jurnal ilmiah, dokumen regulasi, dan publikasi internasional, terlihat bahwa pemberian konsesi secara umum membawa dampak positif. Infrastruktur pelabuhan menjadi lebih modern, operasional lebih efisien, dan layanannya makin berdaya saing. Namun, di lapangan masih terdapat sejumlah hambatan besar. Beberapa di antaranya adalah aturan yang masih ambigu, perdebatan soal masa berlaku konsesi, rumitnya proses serah terima aset, penetapan tarif, hingga masalah koordinasi antarlembaga. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kesuksesan konsesi pelabuhan tidak bisa hanya mengandalkan isi kontrak hitam di atas putih. Diperlukan tata kelola yang kuat, aturan yang konsisten, serta pengawasan yang benar-benar berbasis pada pencapaian kinerja. Sebagai penutup, kajian ini memberikan sejumlah rekomendasi strategis untuk memperbaiki kebijakan konsesi, demi menjaga daya saing dan keberlanjutan pelabuhan Indonesia di masa depan.
Keywords: Port Concession Landlord Port Model Port Performance Port Governance Systematic Literature Review
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